.NET/ASP.NET/C#/VB.NET PDF Document SDK

Now you are finally going to need those truth values (also called Boolean values, after George Boole, who did a lot of smart stuff on truth values) that you ve been bumping into repeatedly.

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After you have broken up an idea into smaller pieces across a set of Explanation headlines in the story template, building a chart across the corresponding series of Explanation slides is an effective way to illustrate your ideas if you are describing quantitative information. With the sequence of headlines in place in the storyboard, you ll know exactly what you want to communicate before you start building the chart. Again, this is where the wording of the headlines in the story template will de ne what you sketch. Build a chart across a series of Explanation slides if the headlines contain speci c quantitative explanation, such as The industry average returns are 20% and Your average returns are 10% and then We can help you close the gap. If your headlines don t explain a chart but you would like them to do so, return to the story template to see how to revise the headlines to make the chart work.

Some libraries and extensions (add-ons) to Ruby override the methods supplied by the core classes to extend the functionality of Ruby in general. However, this demonstration shows why it s always necessary to tread with caution and be aware of what s going on in your application. If you were relying on being able to measure the length of strings, and the length method gets overridden, you re going to have a hard time! You should also note that you can override your own methods. In fact, you ve probably been doing it a lot already by following these examples in irb:

Woof!

If you have dif culty sketching the Explanation slides, sketch the Detail slides rst and then return to the Explanation slides. This approach can be helpful because the Explanation slide summarizes the Detail slides to come, and if you sketch the Detail slides rst, you can use them to come up with a visual summary for the Explanation slide.

Howl!

Note If you ve been paying close attention, you noticed the sidebar in 1, Sneak Peek: The if Statement, which describes the if statement. I haven t really introduced it formally until now, and as you ll see, there is a bit more to it than what I ve told you so far.

In this example, you created a basic class with a simple method, then reopened that class and redefined a method on the fly. The results of the redefinition were made effective immediately, and my_dog began to howl as a result. This ability to reopen classes and add and redefine methods is relatively unique among object-oriented languages. Although it allows you to perform a number of interesting tricks (some of which you ll see in action later), it can also cause the same sections of code to act in different ways depending on whether certain classes upon which you depend were changed in the application, as demonstrated by your redefinition of String s length method previously.

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Note You might have noticed this class-reopening technique in action in some of our earlier examples

where you created methods in one example, only to add new methods in a later example. If running under irb or within the same program, reopening a class lets you add new methods or change old ones without losing anything.

The following values are considered by the interpreter to mean false: False None 0 "" () [] {}

Reflection is the name of the process by which a computer program can inspect, analyze, and modify itself while it s running and being used. Ruby takes reflection to an extreme, and allows you to change the functionality of great swathes of the language itself while running your own code. It s possible to query almost any object within Ruby for the methods that are defined within it. This is another part of reflection.